In
the biotic world, there are two categories of cells:
PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
PRO
= before
EU = true KARYON
= nucleus KARYON = nucleus
cell
structures:
cell
membrane [PLASMA MEMBRANE]
= phospholipid bilayer
proteins
cytoplasm =
fluid medium inside cell
site
of chemical reactions
cytoskeleton
= part of cytoplasm - found in some eukaryotic cells
protein
framework
actin
filaments
intermediate
filaments
microtubule
centriole =
microtubule-triplet
arrangement ---anchor for cilia
& flagella
Cilia
& flagella
= extension(s) of cell membrane
used
for movement
nucleus
= contains genetic material
largest
organelle - usually centrally located
nuclear
membrane - double layered
nucleolus
= rRNA-----> ribosomes synthesized
ribosome
=
made up of rRNA & bound by protein complex
protein
synthesis
endoplasmic
reticulum
= endo = within cytoplasm
reticulum =
little net
smooth
endoplasmic reticulum[
SER]
rough
endoplasmic reticulum
[ RER]
SER
= makes lipids & / or carbohydrates
RER
= makes proteins
Golgi
complex
='warehouse' of cell
modifies
proteins with carbohydrates or phosphate groups
MUCUS
production
lysosome
= vesicle with hydrolytic enzymes
mitochondria
= 'powerhouse' of cell
oxidative
metabolism occurs to make ATP
C6H12O6 +O2------------>CO2+H2O+energy
[ATP]
TRANSPORT
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
PASSIVE
TRANSPORT - no energy required
osmosis-
water movement across membranes
diffusion
- molecular movement across membranes
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT- movement from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration to achieve equilibrium
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT - energy is required
phagocytosis
- phagein = to eat
pinocytosis
- pinein = to drink
endocytosis
exocytosis
transport
channels-
2 types of pumps
sodium
- potassium pump-
keep sodium out and potassium in
uses
1/3of cell's energy
proton
pump
CELL
DIVISION
CELL
CYCLE or CYCLES -G1 =
cell grows in size and cellular organelles increase in number
S
= replication of DNA
G2
=
various metabolic events occur to prepare for mitosis
M
= mitosis
human
fibroblasts -G1 =6.3
hours
S
=7.0 hours
G2
=2.0
hours
M
=0.7 hours
16
hours
EUKAROYOTE
DIVISION- DNA is copied(S
stage)
4
phases of mitosisprophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokinesis