* Vernacular education = rule

* Strong language loyalties

* Language Diversity

* No language legislation

* After Independence--> more American nationalism + hiatus in immigration 1790-1815--> more English

1694 - German-speaking American operate schools in German

1774-1779 - Acts of Continental Congress

1780 - Adam's proposition of a language Academy ignored

1806 - 1st federal laws published in French

* Growth of public school]

* New non-English parochial schools

* West Coast Immigration--> Chinese and Japanese Bilingual Schools

1840 - Ohio passes law for German-English Schools

1847 - Louisiana passes law for French-English instruction

1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1850 - Initial act governing the territory of New Mexico

1870 - Wisconsin law restricting foreign language instruction in public schools

1871 - Institute San Carlos Spanish Program

1874 - New Mexico law recognizing the public Spanish language elementary schools

1897 - Annexation of Hawaii

1900 - All legislative proceeding and laws in Hawaii in English

English and Spanish as official languages of Puerto Rico

1901 - Philippines--> English as language of instruction

1903 - English as sole medium of instruction in Puerto Rico

1911 - Constitution of New Mexico

* Raise of restrictions

* Abandonment of B.E. and foreign language instruction

* German and Japanese the most affected groups

* Native Americans and Mexican Americans

1917 - Roosevelt provisions

1919 - English-only instruction in Hawaii. Restrictions to Japanese instruction

1923 - More restriction to foreign language instruction in Hawaii

1923 - Meyer vs Nebraska

1924 - Strictest immigration quota in the nation's history

1927 - Farrington vs. Tokushige

1934 - Philippines and Puerto Rico

1940 - Nationality Act

1943 - More foreign language restrictions in Hawaii

1945 - Spanish as language of instruction in Puerto Rico

1950 - English as legal language in Louisiana

- Amendment to the Nationality Act

* Renewed interest in foreign languages due to MLA, pedagogical advances and promotion of foreign language instruction in elem. schools.

1958 - National Defense Education Act

- New York City Board of Education's Puerto Rican Study

1959 - Hawaii becomes a state.

- Cuba

1961 - Spanish for Spanish speakers in Dade County

1963 - Coral Way

1963-1967 - Bilingual programs and projects flourish.

1965 - ESEA

1968 - Bilingual Education Act

* University involvement

* Important activity at the legislative, executive and judicial fronts

1972 - Massachusetts passes Transitional Bilingual Education Act

1973 - Aspira vs. Board of Education of the City of New York

- Serna vs,. Portales

1974 - Massachusetts act followed by others passed in Texas, Illinois, New Mexico, New Jersey, California

- Lau vs. Nichols

- Equal Education Opportunity Act

1975 - Language Assessment Battery

- Nine Regional Bilingual Centers

- Lau Remedies

1976 - Amendments to Voting Rights

- Chacón-Moscone Bilingual Biculural Education Act

1977 - Funds for the National Network of Bilingual Education Centers (15 Training, 14 Material development, 3 Dissemination and Assessment Centers)

NCBE is established as the national information center for BE

1978 - Amendment to the BEA

- A.I.R. report on BE

1979 - National Center of Bilingual Research in Los Alamitos, CA

- President signs into law the "Bilingual Courts Act"

1980 - Education Department created. OBE becomes Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs

- Lau Regulations

1981 - Bell withdrew Lau Regulations

- Baker & de Kanter Report

1984 - Re-authorization of Title VII

1987 - 1988 - Legislative setback