Vivian Johnston Climate Change Mitigation: Emissions Trading

I.E.S.

November 3, 2002

Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol allows Annex 1 countries to buy the right to emit ghg from other Annex 1 countries who have reduced their ghg emissions below their assigned amounts.Joint Implementation gives credit to developing nations for investing in projects in other countries that reduce CO2 emissions.Clean Developing Mechanisms gives credit to nations that fund projects in developing countries that have certified emission reductions providing that benefits accrue to the host.

-emissions trading will encourage fraud, increase inequity,

- offers some alternatives(pollution taxes, technology forcing mandates)

-provides a market place for industry, the government and the public to take part in credit trading.

-has an emissions trading movie

-has a link to many climate change web sites

-has a glossary of terms for emissions trading

-gives the global warming potential of each greenhouse gas

-wants to help businesses "understand, mitigate and manage the transition to a greenhouse gas

constrained future

Committee on Government Reform, House of Repesentatives, Credit for Early Action: win-win or Kyoto through the

Front Door.106^th Congress.1^st Session .Hearing Serial No 106-37, July 15, 1999

• a debate over early action crediting(giving industries who voluntarily reduce emissions now and who can use credits at a later date or sell them)

Friends of the Earth(nd) Consultation Response: Economic Instruments and the business use of energy.Retieved

FOE does not think a tradable permit system is a workable option

-monitoring is inadequate

-no satisfactory system of allocation

-offers no stimulus for new innovative technology

-emissions trading have no long-term goals

FOE(nd)Briefing: The Politics of Climate Change. Retrieved October 29,2002 from

-reducing emissions should be the focus of climate change policy

-opposes sinks in the Kyoto Protocol

-Three mechanisms used to lower costs of mitigation and increase flexibility are Joint

Implementation, Clean Development Mechanism and International Emissions Trading(IET)

-FOE thinks these should be restricted and reductions be done at home

-opposes Nuclear energy as a CDM

GreenPeace(2000,November)Kyoto Protocol Negotiations in The Hague. Retrieved October 15, 2002 form

-Gives an intro to Kyoto

-has a graph of loopholes

-conservation practices should not be given "credits" to sell

trading needs strict safeguards

Mullins, Fiona(1999);International Emissions Trading Under the Kyoto Protocol(OECD)ENV?EPOC(99)18/

Final,Paris,France

-discusses key issues to Emissions trading including "environmental effectives and economic

efficiency."

National Resource Defense Council (2001) Marrakech Agreement Clears Last Hurdle for Global Warming Treaty:

World Prepares to Ratify Made-in –America Deal without U.S. Retrieved October 31,2002 from

- Marrakech agreement establishes an operational system for IET

Victor, David G. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming.Princeton University

Press Princeton,New Jersy,2001

-looks at flaws in the Kyoto Protocol including emissions trading

-Says little attention has been given to international politics

-"developing countries do not have strong and impartial legal institutions."