Handout four Handout on forces and What’s Cookin
Gas: A fluid form
of matter that takes both the volume and shape of the container it
occupies.
Liquid: A fluid form
of matter that takes the shape of the part of the container (volume) it fills.
Solid: A
rigid form of matter that maintains
its shape in any container it can fit.
Vapor Pressure:
The pressure of the vapor over a liquid at equilibrium. The distinction between a gas and
a vapor is as follows: a gas is a substance
at a higher temperature than its boiling point, a vapor is a gaseous form of
matter at a temperature below its boiling point.
London
Dispersion Forces: The force of attraction between that arises
from the interaction between two instantaneous dipoles on neighboring
molecules. This attraction occurs in
all molecules but is only important in non-polar molecules. A short range weak intermolecular interaction.
Less than
Dipole-dipole
interactions: An electrostatic force that results when the
positive and negative end of polar molecules are attracted to one another.
Dipole: Any object
whose ends carry opposite but equal charges.
Hydrogen
Bonding: The attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative oxygen or nitrogen atom and another nearby
electronegative O, N (Cl), F atom.
solutions: A
homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances in a single phase.
solvent: The most
abundant component of a solution. This
is the medium in which the solute(s) is dissolved.
solute: The material
dissolved in a solution.
hydrophilic: water loving
hydrophobic: water
fearing
Molarity: The number
of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Normality: The number
of chemical equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
Colligative
Properties: Properties of a solution the depend only on
the number of solute particles per solvent molecules and not on the nature of
the solute or solvent. These include
vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression (FPD) and boiling point elevation (BPE).