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Graslund and Diamond
Jared Diamond states that we are essentially a third species of chimpanzee and that some small fraction of the 1.6% difference in DNA (between humans and chimps) is responsible for our uniquely human characteristics such as our upright posture, big brains, and capacity for language (JD 27). However we currently do not understand just how these slight variances in DNA can have such a significant impact on our physiology and behavior (JD 23). Although Diamond recognizes that DNA is only responsible for the capacity for language, which language is solely dependent on the linguistic environment the subject grows up in (JD 27). There is also evidence that the ability to communicate through and understand various symbols (the prerequisite for language) is present in chimps, gorillas and even monkeys (JD 54).
I think Graslund would say that our capacity for language is ultimately a characteristic we’ve had since before we diverged from the other primates. and that it was perhaps only through minute, yet significant genetic changes in our physiology that enabled us to create more complex sounds which led to the development of modern language. In other words it wasn’t until we developed the anatomical capacity to produce specific and complex sounds (representing symbols) that we were finally able to express or communicate these symbols vocally in the form of language.
They both mention and appear to agree with Chomsky’s idea that all human beings are born with some form of genetic or mental predisposition for language or Universal Grammar. Diamond refers to the existence/ of pidgin and Creole language as evidence of this. However, where they seem to differ is on when and how this capacity developed. Graslund suggests that the process of language development was a long and gradual one, beginning with simple sounds and gestures (much like chimps use today), and eventually (due to unknown selective pressures) resulting with the evolved capacity for complex language with syntax. Although both Diamond and Graslund agree that we tend to underestimate the mental capacity of early humans, Diamond argues that the capacity for language developed much more rapidly once elements of grammar were invented and resulted in “The Great Leap Forward” (JD 166).
Something that I found strangely intriguing was the aquatic hypothesis mentioned by Graslund as a possible explanation for the development of some of the unique characteristics of the Homo genus: losing most of our body hair, walking on two legs, and utilizing articulated speech…
