Author Archives: kmlynn

Orientals

Introduction

“Yellowface” makes the Asian body as unmistakably Oriental. Only Orientals are yellow, not Asians. Asia is a place, a big place, so there are many colors and hues. Orientals have overbites, slanted eyes, and mustard yellow skin color=socially defined as markers of racist differences. What does yellowface signify?  Race is a mode of placing cultural meaning o the body. Yellowface marks the Oriental as indelibly alien.(2)

  • POLLUTION: objects or persons perceived to be out of place. They create a sense of disorder symbolicaly and anomaly in the structure of society. A source of pollution: Aliens/foreigners.
    Foreign v Alien Foreign objects are not always alien, only those whose presence disrupts the nattative structure of the community. FOREIGN: refers to that which outside or distant, while ALIEN describes things that are immediate and present yet have a foreign nature. Only when the freign is present does it become alien. Alien v foreign is like immigrant vs. tourist. So if an outsider comes without an intention to leave it becomes an alien. Only when aliens exit or are “naturalized” (cleansed of their foreignness and remade) can they shed their status as polltants. Alienness is both a formal and political/legal status and an informal, but no less powerful cultural status
  • Takao Ozawa was the denied the right to “naturalize” because he had Japanese “blood.” US v Thind, an Indian immigrant who was already an American by naturalization was stripped of his citizenship because his blood is not white blood.(3)

    POPULAR CULTURE AND RACE

  • The Supreme Courts “understanding” is a legal fiction. It gives popular conventio, the common sense of “real” Americans, the power to define race. Popular convention has the power.(5)
  • popculture is a process, a set of cultural practices that define Amrican nationality-who “real” americans are in any historical moment. nationality v citizenship CITIZENSHIP:carries the implicit assumption of promise if equality, at least in political and legal terms, while NATIONALITY contains and manages the contradictions of hierarchies and equalities of social formation. (6) Race can be “invisible” or camouflaged or rendered invisible, but once produced as a category of social difference it is present everywhere in the social formation and deeply imbedded in popular culture. RACE WILL ALWAYS BE THERE & SEEN. RACE IS POPULAR CULTURE.

    • SIX FACES OF ORIENTAL

  • The POLLUTANT: originated in mid nineteenth-century California. The Chinese constituted the alien presence in america. the chinese was both identified with the moral chaos of the gold rush and portrayed as the harbigers of industrial wage slavery.
  • the COOLIE: came about the US working class was formed in the 1870s and 1880s. chinese immigrants found themselves segregated into racially defined state of subordination as “coolie labor” the UNfree, servile, a threat to the white working mans family. (even though they came to america as FREE workers).
  • the DEVIANT: a figure of forbidden desire. the deviant represents the possibility of alternative desire in a period which middle class gender roles and sexual behavior were being codified and naturalized into a rigid heterosexual cult of domesticity. WOMEN WERE FORCED INTO PROSTITUTION. Men were then brought in to be domestic house servants.
  • the YELLOW PERIL: A threat to the nation, family, and race.
  • the MODEL MINORITY: popularly identified in the late 1960s and 1970s. a mythology substituted a narrative of national modernization and athnict assimilation through heterosexuality familialism and consumption. MODEL MINORITY: THE PERFECT WORKER.
  • since the 1970s, the model minorty image has coexiste and reinfoced a representation of the Asian American as a GOOK.
  • the GOOK: Asian american represented as the invisible enemy and the embodiement of inauthentic racial and national identities.

    with all these stereotypes NON of these have been created by the ACTUAL LIVES of asian americans.

    • The Debut

    de·but dāˈbyo͞o/ noun: 1. a person’s first appearance or performance in a particular capacity or role.
    Overall, I feel the film captured a lot of the Filipino/a cultural traditions and instances. At the beginning of the film Ben brings his foodie 020white friends over and he is embarrassed by the smell in the house, but his friends find the smell appealing. Also, when his friends come into the kitchen, the mother introduces herself and offers them a bite to eat, which I can vouch that that moment was a typical Filipino/a thing to do. The over-sized fork and spoon on the wall is something I have seen in majority of Filipino/a households. At the debut the dances, the costumes, and food all looked realistic in a sense that there were real Filipino/a actors/actresses that actually created this atmosphere. In addition to these things, I thought that it was very funny as well that there was a couple talking about how there are many “Oriental” races who are nurses now and the white husband of the aunt corrected them and said they were supposed to say “Asians.” First, I think it’s funny because I know many Filipino/a friends and family who want each other to strive in the medical field; secondly, how the Filipina wife glared at him and continued to say “Oriental” as if she was entitled to say Oriental because she was one. Anyhow, the director and cast did a very good job on portraying the Filipino/a lifestyle and struggles.
    After watching the problems go on during this film, I realized that most of these conflicts essentially have the same theme: pride. I think first, I’ll just list off the conflicts and problems. First there is the conflict between Rose and Ben and his desire to be white. Second is the tension between Ben and his father and becoming a doctor. There are also a few little conflicts that do not include the main characters such as his Aunt and Gusto as well, the two cousins fight at the end, and Lolo’s argument with Ben’s father and Ben’s uncle Lenny. Those are quite a few things, but I think they all contribute to this theme of pride of being who you are.
    At the beginning of Rose’s debut Ben Rose tells Ben that he wishes to be white and he just questions her, “So?” then she comes back with a line, “You’re just as brown as the rest of us.” I thought that line was very powerful in a way to remind him that he can try to be as white as he wants to, but skin color cannot change and he cannot change who he is. Then at the end of the movie Ben returns to his sisters’ debut and realizes that his culture is actually something to be proud of. In addition to that, his white friends are enjoying his Filipino party and food! It took a very mean racial slur from one of his “white” friends’ party to realize that he is will never be white and his friends’ approval of the Filipino party to take pride in his own culture. There was also a conflict between Ben and his father. Ben’s father wants him to become a doctor and Ben resisting because he wants to pursue a future in the arts which causes conflict and tension between them. Ben’s father tries to impress Lolo by telling him that Ben is the way to becoming a doctor, this creates a pride “bubble” of protection for Ben’s father. Ben’s father knows that Lolo (his father) would take great pride knowing that his grandson will be successful in the medical sphere.
    Then there is the Aunt and Gusto. After Ben’s father breaks up Ben and Gusto’s fight, he finds a gun on Gusto and shows it to his mother. His mother is in complete denial, but accepts it and starts slapping Gusto. I feel that she was slapping him because she wanted to believe that he was a good son, but also because of how embarrassing it is to have a gang-banger son.  Gusto, who was also filled with pride being in his little friendship gang then loses all of his pride in front of everyone by taking the slaps by his mother and hanging his head low. Lastly, the scene where Lolo is yelling at Ben’s dad about how embarrassed he is about having his son (Ben’s dad) invite those kinds of people to a party. He then rants on about how he cannot even afford a nice Debut party for Rose, which is not prideful. Lastly, the two cousins at the end get into a little petty fight about one calling the other a “Fob” which usually stands for fresh off the boat. The first cousin basically pushes the second cousin around, like hitting him, calling him names, typically bully behavior. So what starts off the fight is the first cousin makes fun of the other by calling him a “Fob” and making of how he still has an accent, but when Gusto and Ben were fighting, they were calling Ben a coconut (brown on the outside and white on the inside). I thought it was ironic that the first cousin made fun of Ben for not being like a “real” Filipino, but then makes fun of his cousin for being “too Filipino.” Anyways, the second cousin ends up hitting the first cousin and I do not think that the second cousin gets mad at just the slurs, but because he had pride in who he was. The second cousin knew he was not a “Fob” and took pride in himself to stand up against his cousin.
    These conflicts all eventually get resolved, like Ben accepts that he his Filipino and finally okay and proud with it. Ben confesses to his father that he paid his own way to his first years tuition to CalArts with all his money and his father realizes that his son does have talent in this field. Gusto gets stripped of his pride and even though Lolo chewed Ben’s father out, Ben seems to be proud of his father for giving so much up after he was born.
    In addition to the theme of pride, I also found some historical connections.
    There was a part in the film where Lolo was upset that Ben did not know Tagalog. I think that this is reminiscent to the Filipino

    Green, Red, or Blue. Which one are you? Choose one.

    Green, Red, or Blue. Which one are you? Choose one.

    immigrants. It’s like even though they live in America that does not mean that their culture should be forgotten. So I feel that Ben’s grandfather is part of the immigrant population that want to preserve their culture in the U.S. Ben’s parents, I think, portray those who consider themselves as the Asian-American generation. They have adapted to living in America, abiding the laws, but still keeping their homeland traditions. Then I think Ben is generation that goes through an identity crisis. Ben knows he is Filipino, but resists that concept and acts white, as if he can easily change that. So, I feel that Ben represents the generation of immigrant’s children who do not or cannot identify themselves as one race or another. Overall, I think this film related very well back to Takaki and to the program and what we have studied so far.

    Gran Torino

    Click here to view the embedded video.

    Ëveryone a rager, but secretly theyŕe saviors.”This line in the song by Lorde, Glory and Gore describes Walt’s past and present. In the past he was in the Korean war, so everything is hectic and crazy and it gives him a negative view on other Asian cultures (thus, everyone a rager). Then after this war and all the horrible things they had to do, he [Walt] is praised for it and given a silver star and gets this American glory light. Later on in life, however, these Hmong people come into his life and change his perspective. They learn to respect him even though he disrespects them and calls them names right in their faces. While they put up with his insults and still talk to him, in return he becomes at peace with his past and present and gives his life to give Thao a sense of peacefulness.

    Glory and Gore also has a line that says, “Glory and gore go hand in hand…you can try and take us, but victory’s contagious.” Obviously, the glory and gore goes along with Walt’s past and how the American’s won the Korean War, but a lot of gore went on during that time. As for the line, “You can try and take us, but victory’s contagious” I feel that it is the reciprocal of was expected. What I mean by that is that the Korean War could change people’s perspectives on Asians, but they still made it to the United States and made little communities. So in the end, though the Koreans lost the war and to Walt, the U.S. beat the “zipperheads,” they still were still able to come into the U.S. and settle. It’s like both the U.S. and Asians lost and won these battles in a different way.

    This song not only relates to Walt Kowalski’s perspective, but as the gang bangers perspective as well. For instance, everyone in the Hmong community seemed to know who they were which I think would refer to the lyric, “Glory and gore go hand in hand, that’s why we’re making headlines.” They have this “glory” of being known, feared, and protected by each other, yet what they do is nothing to be glorified for. Also the line, “You can try and take us, but victory’s contagious” At the end of the movie, they all shoot Walt multiple times; however, there were people watching in the neighborhood, so they all ended up getting arrested. Though they got what they wanted by killing Walt, ultimately Walt and Thao get what they want by having the gang-bangers put away; afterall, victory is contagious.

    Those were the few lyrics that stood out to me the most and I think portray the storyline behind the movie overall. However, those are not the only lines that I think relate to the movie, those are just the ones that I saw created the bigger picture.

    On another note, I feel that Gran Tornio‘s characters portray America and Asians coming together in a sense. Walt Kowalski would protray America at the beginning of the immigration of Asians: Asians are inferior to the white men. However, later on in history American later on accepts Asians. The U.S. eventually extends their laws to protect Asians as if they were native citizens like Walt did to protect Thao from the gang members. Both symbolically and in the movie, Walt saved Thao and Thao saved Walt, which I think makes the movie that much more heart-felt (for lack of a better word).

    This movie was very intense and stressful for me. I did like it, though. The Hmong characters that were casted I think had a very powerful effect on the audience as to let us see what their culture is really like. Unlike, How I Met Your Mother‘s episode of the all white cast playing Asian roles. Also, I think the raspy-voiced character that Clint Eastwoood played portrayed his “tiredness” and “discomfort” from his past. I really enjoyed how Walt was completely disgusted with Thao and Sue, but later on gets attached to them. For instance, he starts to let Sue call him Wally, he lets Thao borrow his tools, and he accepts the gifts that the Hmong community had to offer him. Overall, I think the movie was very powerful and moving.

    Strangers from a Different Shore (10-13)

    In Ronald Takaki’s Strangers from a Different Shore chapters 10-13. Before these chapters, Asians were struggling to make a better life for them and their families by coming to America. Unfortunately, things were not as great as the Asians had pictured, nor were they as worse as the conditions they were living in in their home country. They were somewhere in-between they want it and they’ve got it, somewhere like a “poverty-purgatory”. Asians had to work and suffer before becoming rich in any way other than life experiences.

    Fortunately, all of their hardwork did pay off. In the later chapters like 10 through 13, Asians eventually make their way to becoming a part of the American foundation of society. The kick-off for acceptance was the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. American’s needed soldiers and opened up the opportunity to Asians. However, asking for Asians to join would put America in a critial situation. On page 358 of Takaki’s book he states, “As the United States confronted the threat of Fascism in Asia and Europe, the nation would be asked to exeed its democratic ideals to immigrants of color and acknowledge its diversity.” Though the United States did not extend it’s protection and equality laws to the immigrants, they needed an army.

    After and during the war, changes were already being made. Asians who were in the U.S. airforce were given citizenship, but even those who wore their United States Army uniform were accepted more in society, they were not equal and were treated that way. However, despite the inequality, the government began to extend it’s citizenship to many immigrants and began to have an annual quota for the amount of Asians that can come to the U.S. More asians who were coming to the U.S. were also changing with the times. Most of them were not just farmers and involved with agriculture, they were clerks, technicians, and had some sort of a higher education.

    Though Asians have gone through more than enough to earn a living in America, there is still progress happening. Asians are being inspired by each other to pursue their own careers and further their education. For instance, Paull Shin, a former State Legislature and first Korean to be part of the Legislation, has inspired many Asians across the U.S. to be a bigger part of the political sphere. Asians have come a long way for the rights they have in current times and continue to grow to be a part of U.S. history.

    Challenger Explosion

    Ellison Onizuka

    Ellison Onizuka

    Seven crew members killed after the space shuttle, Challenger, broke apart 73 seconds after being launched on it’s tenth mossion on January 28, 1986. The seven crew members were Michael J. Smith, Dick Scobee, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, and Judish Resnik.

    * Ellison Onizuka was an astronaut from Kealakekua, Kona, HI. He was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, presented the Air Force Commendation Medal, National Defense Service Medal, and many more.He later became Colonel Onizuka, a mission specialist.

    HIMYM

    2012Starting5How I Met Your Mother has created a new costume: Asian! Episode “Slapsgiving 3: Slappointment in Slapmarra,” Marshall, who is played by Jason Segel, learns a new slap, “the slap of a million exploding suns,” from martial arts masters. These martial arts masters were all portrayed by the all white cast, Alyson Hannigan, Josh Radnor, and Colbie Smulders. These white characters were dressed in silk robes, had Asian accents framed with wind chimes and flute music. The show also did not fail to present the Fu Manchu mustache and “chink fonts.”

    The HIMYM executives had apologized over twitter; however, the episode still runs online. What brings the race card into play is the fact that there are no real Asian actors to play the Asian parts. Instead the all white cast plays them and is seen as making a mockery of Asian cultures. Unforutnately, one of the reasons that this happened is because Asians are underrepresented in Hollywood in the first place. Sadly, the industry shoots itself in the foot by not employing people of color. Instead of hiring an actual martial arts master or hiring an Asian for the Asian parts,television has histroically employed white artists to write and portray the non-white parts.

    darren mcfadden stopThought he main reason for this show is purely entertainment, it has failed to take into consideration the harmful images and segways that it has created. Though it is stereotypical to portray Asians as kung fu masters, it is seemed as offensive to have a non-Asian play an Asian part and make fun with it. Thus, “Asian” is not a costume has come to rise. If there must be a stereotype to be made, might as well go with the complete stereotype instead of dressing someone who does not understand the culture up to portray and mock it.

    WWII Straggler

    Hiroo Onoda

    Hiroo Onoda

    29 years after the end of World War II, Hiroo Onoda comes out from hiding in the jungle in the Philippines and surrender has died at the age of 91. On Thursday, January

    16, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan Onoda passed away. On Friday, Yoshihide Suga, Chief government spokesman, expressed his condolences and praised Onoda for his strong will to live and indomitable spirit. He stated, “After World War II, Mr. Onoda lived int he jungle for many years and when he retured to Japan, I felt that finally, the war was finished. That’s how I felt.”

    Onoda was an intelligence officer who came out of hiding on Lubang island in the Philippines in March 1974, on his 52nd birthday. His surrender was when his former commander flew there to reverse his 1945 orders to stay behind and spy on the American troops. After emerging from the jungle with another WWII hold out, Sgt. Shoichi Yokoi, in 1972 and returning hom they were welcomed as incredible heroes. They were in hiding for so long because Japanese were taught that complete loyalty to the country is the most respectable thing and that death was better than surrendering. Even when his own family members had called to him over loudspeakers and flights had urged him to surrender, Onoda refused.

    Onoda had surrendered to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos with his 30 year old imperial military uniform, cap and sword, in very good condition.

    After his welcoming ceremony had died down he ended up buying land in Brazil and later was head of children’s nature school in northern Japan. From his experience Onoda stated, “I don’t consider those 30 years a waste of time…Without that experience, I wouldn’t have my life today.” However, he understood his limited time, “I do everything twice as fast so I can make up for the 30 years. I wish someone could eat and sleep for me so I can work 24 hours a day.”

    In Onoda’s earlier years he worked for a Japanese trading firm in Shanghai after finishing high school in 1939 and was drafted three years later. In 1944 Onoda was sent to Lubang, about 90 miles from Manila. Other Japanese troops surrendered when US troops landed in Lubang in February 1945, though hundreds went missing a for years after the war.

    On Feb. 20 1974 Norio Suzuki, a young globe-trotter, came in contact with Onoda. They eventually started talking. Suzuki returned to Japan and contacted the government, which located Onoda’s superior, Maj Yoshimi Taniguchi, and flew him to Lubang to deliver his surrender order in person.

    Hiroo Onoda did the most loyal, comitted, and honorable act of a soldier. He had an order and he stuck with it until the one person who gave him that order, came to tell him in person. Also, I find it funny how Onoda says that he wants someone to eat and sleep for him  so he could work. After years of hiding, and crucial conditions, and survival tactics, he wants to continue to work. He gives meaning in his life and stays an active member of society.

    Paull Shin

    2012Starting5“If you have a heart for serving it, you can do it.” Paull Shin a state Legislature who had served for more than two decades has decided to step down. On January 7, 2014 Shin had revealed that he was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. In 1992, Shin had made history as the first Korean American to be elected to the Washington State Legislature.

    Paull Shin was adopted during the Korean war by an American soldier. When he was a teenager he learned to read; furthermore, he later on eraned a doctorate from the University of Washington and became an East Asian studies professor. As the first Korean American to be active in the state Legislature, he has inspired many immigrants of the younger generation to enter the political sphere. Metropolitan King County Council canidate Shari Song, Shoreline City Council member Cheryl Lee, and state Representative Cindy Ryu were all inspired by Paull Shin’s service and call themselves Shin’s “political daughters.”

    a-leather-louis-vuittons-handbag-bag-speedy-30-a213As well as his role as a pioneer for Asian Americans he had also promoted and pushed for trade between Washington and Asian countries. He was a well respected man who had his personal faith still ahead of him, but never bashed opposing views such as same-sex marriage. Also, in 2002 he had succeeded in terminating the term “Oriental” from the state code and his bill became the first law in the country to identify people of Asian descent as “Asian.” The term “Spanish Americans” had elso been changed to “Hispanics” as well.

    His stepping down may be a saddening moment because of the things he has accomplished for the country; however, he has created a pathway, or stepping stones of confidence for Asians to be more involved with the country and progress. I find it very interesting that he had been adopted by an American soldier during the Korean war as well as the life that he has come to live. An American soldier adopted one of the “enemies” and that child turned out to be an active member of the United States Government. That is amazing.

    Also, the feats. that he had accomplished during his terms shows how there are still prejudices in modern day. He has paved a path for change for all Asian Americans and has inspired many more Asians to take charge.

    Takaki Chapters 10-13

    Chapter 10: The Watershed of WWII

    In WWII America needed asians to help defend their country. (Those who did decide to help defend America- is that when they decide or became Asian-American?) If Asians did agree to do so, then the US somehow had to “repay” these races. Though Asians were given a “part” in society or accepted (as US citizens &able to lease land) they were still treated unequally. But Filipinos were also stating that they were not Japanese with buttons before the war was over to prevent any confusion.

    During this time Japanese students had also been disappearing from school to be sent to internment camps. Not only those in school, but almost all Japanese on the mainland (CA, OR, WA) were sent to these camps. Their land was sold at cheap prices and were treated cruelly. But the Japnanese in HI remaind locals and were not shipped to the mainland since it was too much ship space and costs. In Feb. 6 1943 Nisei were questioned to either 1) enable camp authorities to process individual internees for work furlough as well as resettlement outise of restricted zones or 2) register them for the draft. Nisei, however, that volunteered were seen as “heroic,” even though they did gain a little bit of acceptance, they were still returned to the camps.

    In 1940 Alien Registration Act classified Koreans as subjects of Japanese and were “alien enemies.” But in LA about 109 Koreans joined the National Guard ranging from ages 18 to 65 and then gained greater acceptance that way. Koreans also had buttons saying that they were Korean and not Japanese. Koreans, since they were annexed by Japan, were hoping that the US would take Japan down and were eager to help with the war.

    In March 1944 legislature considered a bill to have a quota for immigrants from India and naturalization rights for Asian-Indians. 1772 Asian-Indians became US citizens between the eyars of 1947 & 1965. Day after Pearl Harbor bombing China & US become allies. Then US begins to portray Chinee as “saintly”

    Chapter 11: Strangers at the Gate Again

    In 1941 Pres. Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination in defense-industry employment and created the Fir Employment Practices Commissions. 6 months later Truman establishes a committee on Civil Rights- courts advanced the civil rights for racial minorities. 407-420 Asians are becomming a part of America. Many more Asians start immigration to the US (2nd wave). These 2nd wave of Asians were into high technology, service ceonom instead of agriculture. During 1960 many Chinese come to US for a higher education. Women had to work as seamstresses at this time and exploited them: thus Chinatown became a big hit for textiles. Many immigrants come to US to either settle & excape the struggles- they are still making low wages, but better than their own homelands. Many Filipinos and Koreans were mostly self-employed. Second wave Indian-Asians had a low percentage in empolyed in services where as they had a high percentage employed as managers and professionals like physicians, engingeers, scientists, professionals in law etc. War was going on in Vietnam many people tried to sail over to US to escape. However, about 41% of the Vietnam populations were soujourners and wanted to return to their homeland someday. Pg. 456 “Don’t have to go home to be home” Vietnamese women all of a sudden were able to have jobs, in Vietnam they couldn’t.

    Laos refugee’s also found it difficult to adjust to the American culture. They lived in the jungle, but American culture was like a technilogical jungle (461). Laos wanted to return back home because no matter how long thy stay in american they will still always be asian, never american (461). Hmon and Mien had a hard time being employed.

    Cambodians also fleed to America by the threat of death. Most of them were farm folk with some who were educated. Many Cambodians suffered from PTSD (470). Refugees are the “homeless.”

    Chapter 12: Breaking Silence

    (473) Asians are defended by the government by laws and are slowly being accepted, but still not as equal as whites. Thus they began to exercise their political voices. Though they were slowly getting the same rights as Whites, they still weren’t getting the same opportunities. They had this “glass ceiling” where their oportunity was “seen” but never able to be accomplished. Asians were seen as technicians, not administrators. Asians had a cap on their labor position. As this happens, where asians are more successful in school and are very smart, this is where the new asian stereotype is born as being very “successful.” Because Asians were very successful in the school place therey were antagonized and bullied (479). On page (482) Chin gets killed, Chinese outraged on hate crimes &blame educational system on not teaching the struggles they have gone through to make America what it is. This is the first time &one incident where all the Asians stand together, united. (484). Slowly, here many First wave and 2nd wave asian immigrants come out about their struggles and break the silence of the past.

    Chapter 13: One-Tenth of the Nation

    Now in current day many Asian-Americans fill classrooms and communities in America.Blacks and Koreans saw each other on an enemy scope becasue of stereotypes on how each others race. (494). (500) balots for no more discrimination between sex, gender, ethnicity/color. There are no Asians in Asia, just national identities. Many cross-ethnic marriages.(504) interracial children are redifining a “race.” Asians trasnform America as America transforms Asians.

    Takaki jigsaw chapters

    Chaper 7: Struggling With Colonialism

    In 1900′s there was a major flux of Korean immigrants. Koreans moved to America because at this time Japan annexed Korea and Koreans felt they werent being treated right so Koreans did not want to move back home. Many Korean migrants were very young 90% were between the ages of 16-44 years old. In 1903 US introduced Korean workers to the plantation. In 1905 Korean government prohibited emigration to HI and cut off labor supply. Because Koreans felt that they were not being treated right by the Japanese and because their land was taken by them (Japanese) the Koreans were willing to lose any last bit of their culture. Koreans were very celibatory and made it clear that they were not Japanese and did not accept any help from them. Koreans also believed that the Chinese and Japanese provoked the US by keeping to themselves. Koreans unlike most races who were farmers, they werer government clerks, policement, uddhist, monks, and other domestic services.

    Chapter 8: The Tide of Turbans

    Americans are seen to have this “given right” to treat other races like they are inferior. Supreme court states that natives are caucasian but not white so they cannot be citizens of the US. Very little women population in this community so many of them married Mexican women who are also catholic and either spoke english or spanish.

    Chapter 9: Dollar a day and a Dime a Dance

    Filipinos usually got one dollar a day and would pay dimes to dance with white women for stress. Sometimes they would get ripped off and only have 1 minute instead of 3 minutes when they bought a ticket so they would buy rolls. Filipinos never made their own little town like Chinatown. Filipino men were seen as sexual deviants because they tried to get attention of women (pg. 327). Also, they did not really get into drugs or anything harmful, but they did do cock fights and gambled a lot.